Chemistry and terminology
What are peptides? Chemistry, research, rules
What are peptides, and how do they differ from amino acids and proteins? Read about structure, synthesis, analyses, research fields, skincare and rules.
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Understanding peptides and the evidence
Explanations of research, analytical methods and Norwegian rules. Each article identifies its sources and explains what the documentation can tell us.
Analytical documentation
How to read a COA for peptides
Learn to read a peptide COA: batch number, identity, HPLC purity and content. A clearly labelled teaching example shows common pitfalls.
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Read the articleAnalytical methods
HPLC and LC-MS in peptide analysis
What do HPLC, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS reveal about peptides? Compare purity, identity and content, and understand the limits of these analyses.
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Read the articleBiochemistry and study design
NAD+, NMN and NR: what is the difference?
NAD+, NMN and NR are different compounds. See their biochemical connections, what human studies have measured and where the evidence ends.
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Read the articleSkin research and formulation
GHK-Cu: skincare and laboratory research
What does research on GHK-Cu show? Distinguish cell experiments, skin transport studies and finished formulations from laboratory research powder.
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Read the articleNorwegian rules
Norway's 2026 peptide rules: what they mean
Norway's DMP added six peptides and ibutamoren to its doping list on 15 September 2026. The rules are Norwegian; WADA's list applies in sport everywhere.
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Are peptides legal in Ireland and the EU?
Are peptides legal in Ireland and the EU? What EU medicines law, HPRA, EMA and WADA say about retatrutide, BPC-157 and GHK-Cu. Checked 11 November 2026.
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Read the articleNames and terminology
What is Reta? Retatrutide explained
Reta is the short name used online for retatrutide (LY3437943), an investigational medicine. What the names mean, what trials measured and what is sold.
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